ʻO nā metala refractory ka mea maʻamau i kēlā mau metala me kahi helu heheʻe ma mua o 2200K, e like me Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W a me Re, a i ʻole nā metala hoʻololi a pau o ka pūʻulu IV i ka pūʻulu VI o ka Papa Manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā metala. Ti, Zr, V a me Cr me nā helu heheʻe ma waena o 1941K a me 2180K.Hōʻike kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe i ka uila, uila, corrosion resistance noi i ka ambient temperature, mechanical properties, fabricability, economic factors, and special properties for chemical process applications compared to more traditional materials used in the process industry.ʻOkoʻa nā metala liʻiliʻi e like me tellurium, cadmium, bismuth, indium zirconium etc.
Nā semikonduktor hui kūlana kiʻekiʻe oʻO nā CdA Cadmium Arsenidea me nā hui Arsenides ʻē aʻe GaAs NbAs Nb5As3InAs,Selenium Sulfide SeS2a me nā pūhui Sulfides ʻē aʻe CdS,As2S3,Bi2S3,Ga2S3,GeS2,Ma ka2S3,MoS2,TiS2,SeS2,Ag2S,SnS2,Sulfide paʻa electrolytes Li2S+GeS2+P2S5 a me Li2S+SiS2+Al2S3mea electrode composite,Zinc Telluride ZnTea me nā pūhui Telluride ʻē aʻeAs2Te3,Ga2Te3,CdTe,CdZnTe(CZT),CdMnTe(CMT),Cu2Te,GeTe,Bi2Te3,InTe,PbTe,MoTe2,Sb2Te3,WTe2, aZinc Selenide ZnSea me nā pūhui Selenides ʻē aʻe Sb2Se3,E like me2Se3,Bi2Se3,CdSe,Ga2Se3,Ma ka2Se3,MoSe2,SnSe,CuSe,PbSe,WSe2ʻIke ʻia ʻo ZnSe a me nā noi he nui e like me nā mea electrolyte, semiconductor material, QLED display, IC a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu e lilo i kumu kūpaʻa, hilinaʻi a kūpono hoʻi no kāu mau koi waiwai i kēlā me kēia manawa.